Systemic HIV-1 Viremia as an Independent Predictor of Reduced Intraocular Pressure: A Multivariable Regression Analysis in Cohorts with and without Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v9i11.1428Keywords:
Aqueous humor dynamics, HIV-1 viral load, Human immunodeficiency virus, Intraocular pressure, Ocular hypotonyAbstract
Background: The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) is recognized, yet its independence from confounding opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) remains unquantified. This study aimed to determine the independent association between systemic HIV-1 viral load and IOP by employing a robust multivariable analysis in cohorts with and without CMVR.
Methods: A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 HIV-positive patients (50 with CMVR, 50 without CMVR) at a tertiary referral hospital. Data included demographics, HIV clinical stage (WHO), quantitative HIV-1 viral load, and IOP measured by applanation tonometry. The primary analysis utilized a multivariable linear regression model to assess the association between log-transformed viral load and continuous IOP, adjusting for age, gender, HIV stage, and CMVR status. An interaction term was used to test for effect modification by CMVR.
Results: After adjusting for all covariates, log₁₀ HIV-1 viral load was a powerful and highly significant independent predictor of lower IOP. For every 10-fold increase in viral load, IOP decreased by an average of 0.88 mmHg (β = -0.88; 95% CI: -1.15 to -0.61; p < 0.001). Advanced HIV stage was also independently associated with lower IOP (Stage IV vs. Stage I: β = -1.25; 95% CI: -2.10 to -0.40; p = 0.004). The effect of viral load on IOP did not significantly differ between the CMVR and non-CMVR groups (p for interaction = 0.762), confirming its independent systemic effect.
Conclusion: Systemic HIV-1 viremia is a dominant, independent predictor of reduced intraocular pressure, irrespective of CMVR status. This dose-dependent relationship highlights a direct pathophysiological link between viral replication and aqueous humor dynamics. IOP measurement represents a potential adjunctive clinical indicator for monitoring systemic HIV-1 disease activity.
Authors
- Nyoman Tarita Dewi1*
- I Gusti Ayu Made Juliari1
- Ida Ayu Ary Pramita1
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana/Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia
Corresponding author Nyoman Tarita Dewi — taritadewi@gmail.com
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