Effect of Simulated and Real Aircraft Cabin Environments on Tear Film Parameters in Dry Eye Disease: A Meta-Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v10i6.1617Keywords:
Aircraft cabin, Dry eye disease, Meta-analysis, Ocular surface, Tear filmAbstract
Background: Air travel exposes passengers to environmental stressors, such as reduced cabin pressure and low humidity, which may exacerbate ocular surface conditions, particularly pre-existing dry eye disease (DED). This meta-analysis quantifies the impact of real and simulated aircraft cabin environments on tear film parameters, ocular surface biomarkers, and intraocular pressure (IOP).
Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search (January 2000–March 2026) identified ten eligible studies comprising 445 participants, with two providing complete quantitative data for meta-analytic pooling (10 effect sizes).
Results: Using a random-effects model, the overall pooled standardised mean difference (SMD) was 0.97 (95% CI: -0.67 to 2.61), indicating a large but non-significant effect with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 97.23%). Subgroup analyses revealed a non-significant pooled effect for tear film outcomes (Hedges' g = 0.71), contrasted by a significant elevation in IOP for gas-filled eyes (g = 1.92; p = 0.001). Despite the non-significant overall pooled estimate, individual effect sizes demonstrated large, clinically meaningful reductions in tear break-up time (TBUT) and significant increases in both corneal staining and inflammatory biomarkers (MMP-9 and IL-6). Egger's test showed no publication bias, though GRADE certainty remained low to very low.
Conclusion: Aircraft cabin environments induce clinically significant deteriorations in tear film stability, ocular surface integrity, and inflammation, alongside significant IOP elevations in susceptible individuals. These findings underscore the necessity of pre-flight ocular counselling and targeted preventive strategies for at-risk passengers, highlighting the need for future large-scale, standardised investigations.
Authors
- Jelly Vianti Fransisca Oeitano1
- I Gusti Ayu Made Juliari1*
- Ida Ayu Ary Pramita1
- I Made Ady Wirawan2
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana/Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia
- 2Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
Corresponding author I Gusti Ayu Made Juliari — arie_mata@yahoo.com
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